Timeline

secs - All forces are united

secs - Inflation begins

10 secs - Matter and antimatter annihilate, creating light

20 mins - Nuclei of atoms form

400,000 years - Electrons combine with nuclei, light can move freely

13.55 BYA - First stars form

13.35 BYA - First Galaxies form

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Jan 1st 00:00:00:00

13.75 billion years ago (BYA)

12.58 BYA

11.53 BYA

10.4 BYA

9.23 BYA

8.10 BYA

6.93 BYA

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4.63 BYA

3.47 BYA

2.34 BYA

1.17 BYA

1130 million years ago (MYA)

1092 MYA

1055 MYA

1017 MYA

979 MYA

942 MYA

904 MYA

866 MYA

829 MYA

791 MYA

753 MYA

716 MYA

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339 MYA

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113 MYA

75 MYA

38 MYA

36.10 MYA

34.53 MYA

32.96 MYA

31.39 MYA

29.82 MYA

28.25 MYA

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25.11 MYA

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14.13 MYA

12.56 MYA

10.99 MYA

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1.57 MYA

1,308,000 years ago (YA)

1,046,000 YA

785,000 YA

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Plants begin to flower

4 MYA - Australopithecus evolve

2.3 MYA - Homo habilis evolve

1.9 MYA - Homo erectus evolves

Egyptians build a calendar out of stones and the Chinese depict constellations

Johannes Kepler publishes his first two laws of planetary motion

Pierre de Fermat discovers the Cartesian coordinate system

Galileo Galilei measures the speed of light

Isaac Newton states that light is made of atoms not waves

Carl Linnaeus develops a species taxonomy

Comte de Buffon develops a species taxonomy

William Herschel discovered Uranus

Henry Cavendish weighs the Earth

Giuseppe Piazzi discovers Ceres, the largest asteroid

Thomas Young conducts the double-slit experiment to prove light is a wave

Michael Faraday discovers that a magnetic field can cause a ray of polarised light to rotate

John Stuart Mill publishes 'On Liberty'

George Darwin suggests that the Earth and Moon were once been part of the same molten mass

Max Planck shows that light radiates in 'quanta'

Ernest Rutherford suggests the planetary model of the atom

Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach show that a magnetic field can separate atoms

Erwin Schrodinger develops the Schrodinger wave equation for quantum mechanics

Alan Turing devises the concept of the Turing machine

Hendrik Casimir and Dirk Polder discover the Casimir effect

Alan Turing devises the Turing test

Sputnik 1 becomes the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth, within a month Laika becomes the first animal put into orbit

Frank Drake and Carl Sagan attend the Green Bank convention

Yuri Gagarin became the first person to orbit the Earth

Jerry Fodor develops a functional theory of the mind

Andrei Sakharov showed that light was first created when almost every particle and its corresponding anti particle annihilated each other

Brandon Carter devises the strong anthropic principle

Heinz-Dieter Zeh develops decoherence theory

NASA's Apollo 14 and 15 launch

NASA's Pioneer 10 launches

NASA's Pioneer 11 launches

Tamiaki Yoneya shows that string theory predicts the existence of the graviton

Stephen Hawking discovers Hawking radiation

Hilary Putnam extends the no miracles argument

Alan Guth discovers inflation theory

Larry Laudan devises the theory of pessimistic meta induction

Wojciech Zurek develops decoherence theory

Michael Lockwood devises a many minds approach to quantum mechanics

The Hubble Space Telescope is launched

David Jewitt and Jane Luu discover the first Kuiper belt object

Rainer Plaga devises a test to falsify Bohmian mechanics

Nick Bostrom argues that we live inside a simulation created by quantum computers

Daniel Wegner argues that free will is an illusion generated by the brain

David Wallace devises a many minds approach to quantum mechanics

NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope is used to show that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy

NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander directly samples water on Mars

Data from three spacecraft confirmed the existence of water on the Moon

NASA launch a device which will search for antimatter galaxies

150 - Ptolemy publishes 'Almagest'

Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman create twelve new constellations

Galileo Galilei discovers the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, sunspots and the depth of the craters on the Moon

Johannes Kepler publishes his third law of planetary motion

Willebrord Snellius rediscovers the law of refraction

Galileo Galilei develops his theory of relativity

Rene Descartes independently discovers the Cartesian co-ordinate system and rediscovers the law of refraction

Rene Descartes publishes 'Meditations on First Philosophy'

Thomas Hobbes publishes 'Leviathan'

Christiaan Huygens discovers Saturn's moon Titan

Francesco Grimaldi discovers diffraction

Jean Richer and Giovanni Domenico Cassini measure the distance between the Earth and the Sun

Olaus Roemer shows that light travels at a finite speed

Christiaan Huygens develops a wave theory of light

Isaac Newton publishes his law of universal gravitation

John Locke publishes 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'

Isaac Newton publishes 'Opticks'

George Berkeley publishes 'A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'

Edmund Halley first suggests Olbers' paradox

James Bradley observes stellar aberration

Emanuel Swedenborg suggests that the planets could have originated from the mass of the Sun

David Hume publishes 'Enquiry concerning Human Understanding'

Nicolas Louis de Lacaille observes fourteen new constellations

Immanuel Kant argues that the Solar System was once a large cloud of gas

Pierre Charles Le Monnier observes a final constellation

Immanuel Kant publishes 'Critique of Pure Reason'

Pierre-Simon Laplace suggests the nebular hypothesis for the formation of the Solar System

William Herschel shows that light exists beyond the visible spectrum

William Hyde Wollaston discovers dark lines in Newton's colour spectrum

Etienne-Louis Malus coins the term 'polarisers'

Joseph von Fraunhofer independently discovers William Hyde Wollaston's dark lines and invents the spectroscope

Thomas Young and Augustin-Jean Fresnel show that light waves are transverse

The first dinosaur bones are discovered

Friedrich Bessel measures stellar parallax

Christian Doppler discovers the Doppler effect

William Parsons describes the shape of Andromeda

Johann Galle discovers Neptune

Charles Darwin publishes 'On the Origin of Species'

Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen show that William Hyde Wollaston's dark lines correspond to the absorption of different chemical elements

James Clerk Maxwell shows that light is a form of electromagnetic radiation

Charles Darwin publishes 'The Descent of Man'

John Tyndall presents the Belfast Address

Asaph Hall discovers Phobos and Deimos, the moons of Mars

Joseph Stefan suggests that the flux of a blackbody is proportional to the forth power of its temperature

Ludwig Boltzmann expanded Joseph Stefan's theory to measure the temperature of the Sun

Albert Michelson and Edward Morley prove that the aether does not exist

Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz proposes the neuron doctrine

Wilhelm Wien shows that the colour of a star is dependent upon its temperature

John Joly argued that the Earth is at least eighty million years old

Jacobus Kapteyn develops the absolute magnitude system

Albert Einstein publishes his theory of special relativity

Albert Einstein explains the photoelectric effect

Albert Einstein predicts gravitational time dilation

Hermann Minkowski shows that special relativity is best described using the concept of spacetime

Geoffrey Ingram Taylor repeats the double slit experiment on single quanta

Ejnar Hertzsprung invents the H-R diagram

Henry Norris Russell invents the H-R diagram

John Watson develops behaviourism

Niels Bohr develops the Bohr model of the atom

Albert Einstein publishes his theory of general relativity

Heber Curtis argues that Andromeda is a separate galaxy

Arthur Stanley Eddington confirms light is deflected by mass

Alexander Friedmann shows that the universe could be expanding

Louis de Broglie suggests that all matter can be described using wave equations

Wolfgang Pauli devises the Pauli exclusion principle

Bohr and Heisenberg devise the uncertainty principle and the collapse approach to quantum mechanics

Max Born devises the Born rule

Jan Oort confirms that the Galaxy rotates

Paul Dirac develops quantum field theory

Paul Dirac predicts that antimatter exists

Edwin Hubble shows that the universe is expanding

Clyde Tombaugh discovers Pluto

Ernst Opik predicts the Oort cloud

Edward Milne formulises the cosmological principle

Fritz Zwicky predicts the existence of dark matter

Karl Popper devises the theory of falsification

Erwin Schrodinger coins the term entanglement and develops the concept of Schrodinger's cat

Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen present the EPR paper

Fritz Zwicky predicts gravitational lensing

Hans Bethe and Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar show that stars are fuelled by nuclear fusion

Lyman Spitzer considers the advantages of a space based telescope

The US Air Force launches fruit flies into space

George Gamow and Ralph Alpher discover big bang nucleosynthesis

Kurt Godel suggests time travel is possible

Fred Hoyle coins the term 'big bang'

Jan Oort predicts the Oort cloud

Louis Essen and A.C. Gordon-Smith accurately measure the speed of light

Gerard Kuiper predicts the Kuiper belt

David Bohm devises Bohmian mechanics

Clair Cameron Patterson determines that the Earth is about four and a half billion years old

Alfred Jules Ayer shows that determinism is not incompatible with free will

Ullin Place develops identity theory

Hugh Everett III devises the Everett, or many worlds, approach to quantum mechanics

The Soviet's Luna 2 is the first spacecraft to reach the Moon's surface

Hilary Putnam criticises identity theory

Eugene Wigner extends the Schrodinger's cat thought experiment

Robert Dicke devises the weak anthropic principle

Jack Smart devises the no miracles argument

Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson discover cosmic microwave background radiation

John Stewart Bell devises a way to test for hidden variable theories

The Soviet Union are the first to successfully land a spacecraft on the Moon

The Soviet Union's fourth Venera probe reaches Venus, the first man-made device to enter the atmosphere of another planet

Simon Kochen and Ernst Specker show that variable theories are not correct

NASA's Apollo 11 and 12 send the first people to the Moon

Vera Rubin shows that spiral galaxies contain a massive halo of dark matter

NASA's Mariner 9 finds water on Mars

Thomas Nagel argues that there is no definite answer to how many minds we have

NASA's Apollo 16 and 17 launch

Christopher Longuet-Higgins coins the term 'cognitive science'

Roger Wolcott Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga conduct experiments which show both hemispheres of our brain may contain separate streams of consciousness

NASA's Mariner 10 maps the surface of Mercury

NASA's Viking 1 and 2 reach Mars

NASA's Voyagers 1 and 2 launch

NASA's Pioneer 1 and 2 reach Venus

John Searle presents the Chinese room argument

Viacheslav Mukhanov and G. Chibisov show that the universe is not perfectly symmetrical because of quantum fluctuations that expanded during inflation

Derek Parfit publishes 'Reasons and Persons'

David Deutsch devises a test to falsify the collapse approach and shows how quantum computers will work

Benjamin Libet shows that we can predict a persons free choices

Abhay Ashtekar devises the theory of loop quantum gravity

Noel Carroll argues that curiosity drives us to enjoy horror films

David Albert and Barry Loewer devise a many minds approach to quantum mechanics

Colin McGinn argues that the human mind is incapable of comprehending itself entirely

Simon Gandevia and K. Ammon show that it is possible to influence someone's free choices by stimulating their brain

NASA's Project Magellan maps Venus

First exoplanets are confirmed by Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail

Mike Crommie, Chris Lutz and Don Eigler create quantum corrals

Roger Penrose suggests that the force of gravity could cause Schrodinger's wave equation to collapse

The Hubble Space Telescope is used to show that most galaxies contain supermassive black holes

Adam Riess, Saul Perlmutter and others discover dark energy

Physicists in Europe and America teleport a photon about one metre across a room

Physicists at IBM develop a quantum computer

NASA launches WMAP

Rainer Schodel shows that the Milky Way contains a supermassive black hole

John Richard Gott III and Mario Juric discover the Sloan Great Wall

The Cassini-Huygens mission discovers liquid hydrocarbon lakes on Titan, the only surface liquid ever discovered outside of Earth

Marshall Stoneham and colleagues show that our sense of smell is dependent upon random quantum interactions

NASA's MESSENGER maps the surface of Mercury

Kepler spacecraft is launched

NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope discovers a second ring around Saturn

NASA announces over a thousand new planetary candidates

964 - Abd al-Rahman Al-Sufi publishes 'Description of the Fixed Stars'

984 - Ibn Sahl discovers the law of refraction

1021 - Ibn al-Haytham shows that light enters, but is not emitted by, the eye

1200 - Ibn al-Haytham's 'Book of Optics' is published in Latin

1267 - Ibn al-Haytham's 'Book of Optics' is reviewed by Roger Bacon

1307 - Theodoric of Freiberg explained how rainbows form

1437 - Ulugh Beg determines the new positions of almost one thousand stars

1543 - Nicolaus Copernicus publishes 'On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres'

1572 - Tycho Brahe discovers a supernova

4.57 BYA - The Sun forms

4.54 BYA - The Earth forms

3.8 BYA - First life forms on Earth

2.4 BYA - Bacteria begin excreting oxygen

2.15 BYA - Bacteria begin photosynthesising

585 BC - Thales of Miletus predicts the Solar eclipse

570 BC - Pythagoras is born, he develops the first wave equations

530 BC - Leucippus and Democritus devise the concept of the atom

469 BC - Socrates is born

428 BC - Plato is born and popularises Socrates theory of the mind

390 BC - Heraclides Ponticus is born, he suggests the Earth rotates

384 BC - Aristotle is born, he develops a geocentric theory of the universe

370 BC - Eudoxus of Cnidus spread knowledge of Babylonian constellations to Greece

300 BC - Euclid is born, he discovers the law of reflection

276 BC - Eratosthenes measures the circumference of the Earth

190 BC - Hipparchus is born, he measures the precision of the equinoxes

The Star Garden

If the universe was a year old then it would have begun on January 1st at 00:00:00:00

The Solar System would have formed on the 3rd of September and by the 23rd, the first life would have evolved. The dinosaurs would have lived between the 25th and 30th of December and the lineage of chimps and humans would have diverged on December 31st at 20:00. Humans would have evolved at 23:52 and put a man on the moon by 23:59:59:54.

All timeline entries link to factual articles from the following categories;

Universe, Mind, Spacetime, Light, Multiverse, Misc. and Blog